Sodium containing sol-gel derived bioactive glasses and uses thereof including hemostasis

ABSTRACT

A sol-gel bioactive glass precursor, method for making sol-gel glasses, resultant sol-gel bioactive glasses, and methods of use thereof which include introducing Na 2 O into the glass network during the sol-gel process through the use of Na-ethoxide, NaCl, or sodium silicate rather than sodium nitrate. Medical and industrial uses of such glasses.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present patent document claims the benefit of the filing date under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of Provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/782,849, filed Mar. 14, 2013 and Provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/786,991, filed Mar. 15, 2013, which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

This invention relates generally to novel sol-gel derived bioactive glasses containing sodium and uses thereof.

Sol-gel processes for making, bioactive glass using sol-gel technology are generally known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,916 (the “'916 patent”), the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses sol-gel processing techniques used to produce alkali-free bioactive glass compositions based on SiO₂, CaO₂ and P₂O₅. The '916 patent discloses that by varying the SiO₂ content a range of hydroxyapatite production rates can be obtained. Also, varying the time of exposure to actual or simulated in vivo solutions permits use of a range of allowable proportions of SiO₂. The sol-gel derived compositions disclosed in the '916 patent can be chosen to achieve target values for a thermal expansion coefficient, elastic modulus and volume electrical resistivity. Methods of manufacturing near equilibrium dried sol-gel bioactive glasses are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,986 herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The '916 patent explains that one of the advantages of sol-gel derived bioactive glasses over melt derived, is that the use of alkali metal oxides such as Na₂O can be avoided in sol-gel derived bioactive glasses. Such alkali metal oxides serve as a flux or aid in melting or homogenization. The '916 patent points out that the presence of alkali metal oxide ions results in a high pH at the interface between the glass and surrounding fluid or tissue in vivo, and that this can induce inflammation and shut down repair. The '916 patent avoids such issues by using only SiO₂, CaO₂ and P₂O₅ and eliminating the traditional need for sodium or other alkali metal compounds to assist in producing bioactivity.

Patent Application Publication U.S. 2009/0208428 states that the presence of the alkali metals, sodium and potassium, at high concentrations in the bioactive glasses can reduce the usefulness of the bioactive glass in vivo. The preferred sol-gel derived glass disclosed in U.S. 2009/0208428 includes strontium and is alkali-metal free.

Bioglass, melt-derived with code name 45S5, contains 45% SiO₂ in weight percent with 24.5% CaO, 24.5% Na₂O and 6% P₂O₅, and provides a rapid biological response, or in other words, fast bioactivity, when implanted in living tissue as compared to other bioactive glass formulations.

It has been well recognized that the surface reactivity of Bioglass is attributed to its bioactivity. In the early of 1990s, sol-gel bioactive glasses have been reported with higher specific surface area from their porous structure. Since then, 49S, 58S, 68S, 77S, 86S sol-gel compositions have been reported with corresponding 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% SiO₂ in mole percent, respectively. The specific surface area of all of these compositions is more than 100 times greater than melt-derived 45S5 Bioglass. These compositions typically do not contain Na₂O due to the difficulty in incorporating the Na₂O into the glass network.

Some hemostasis products used worldwide, such as Zeolite and starch powders derived products, owe their hemostatic effect to high specific surface area. It is believed that materials with high surface area adsorb water from the blood rapidly and concentrate clotting proteins and platelets to promote instantaneous clot formation. Sol-gel bioactive glasses possess much higher specific surface area, and should be ideal hemostasis materials in addition to their recognized properties of enhancing bone growth, soft tissue growth and healing as well as oral care in applications such as tooth desensitization, anti-gingivitis and tooth whiting. U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2009/0186013 and 2009/0232902, herein incorporated by reference in their entirety, claim that sol-gel made bioactive silica gel with porous structure and high specific surface area, possessed hemostatic effect. But all of the silica gels reported were made from Si, Ca and P precursors or their inorganic compounds and none of silica gels were reported with a sodium precursor.

A few articles have been published recently on sol-gel derived 45S5 Bioglass containing Na₂O. See Q Z Chen, Y Lia, L Y Jina, J M W Quinnc, P A Komesaroffe, “A new sol-gel process for producing Na2O-containing bioactive glass ceramics”, Acta Biomaterialia V6(10), 4143-53, 2010; R L Siqueira, O P Edgar and D Zanotto, “Gel-derived SiO2-CaO—Na2O—P2O5 bioactive powders: Synthesis and in vitro bioactivity”, Materials Science and Engineering: C V 31(5), 983-91, 2011; Q Z Chen, G A Thouas, “Fabrication and Characterization of Sol-gel Derived 45S5 Bioglass—Ceramic Scaffolds”, Acta Biomaterialia, 7, 3636-26, 2011; I Cacciotti, M Lombardi, A Bianco et al., “Sol-gel Derived 45S5 Bioglass: Synthesis, Microstructural Evolution and Thermal Behaviour”, J Mater Sci: Mater Med, 23:1849-66, 2012. All of those works used NaNO₃ (sodium nitrate) to introduce Na₂O into the Bioglass system during the sol-gel processing. As explained below, a comparative experiment demonstrated that the precipitation could be seen visually on the gel's surface prepared with sodium nitrate after aging, which could result in possible non-homogenous composition. The exact compositions of the reported sol-gel 45S5 Bioglass materials remain a question since no data has been reported in those published works. Also, all of those articles describe the use of high temperature sintering from 700° C. to 1100° C. to prepare the sol-gel 45S5 glass. The high temperature sintering could enable the preparation of a homogenous composition, however this process could reduce the surface area dramatically to yield a dense 45S5 Bioglass. The authors do not provide any porosity and surface area data in these publications.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sodium source is selected from the group consisting of NaCl and C₂H₅ONa.

In a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for achieving hemostasis or inducing rapid coagulation in a patient by contacting the patient with a sol-gel bioactive glass made from the sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sodium source is selected from the group consisting of NaCl and C₂H₅ONa.

In another aspect, the present invention is directed to a sol-gel bioactive glass comprising Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sol-gel bioactive glass is derived from a mixture including a sodium source selected from the group consisting of NaCl and C₂H₅ONa.

In yet another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method for achieving hemostasis or inducing rapid coagulation in a patient in need of treatment thereof comprising contacting the patient with a sol-gel bioactive glass comprising Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sol-gel bioactive glass is derived from a mixture including a sodium source selected from the group consisting of NaCl and C₂H₅ONa.

In yet another aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of making a sol-gel bioactive glass including Si, Ca, P, and Na comprising mixing a sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sodium source is selected from the group consisting of NaCl and C₂H₅ONa, aging the mixture, and; drying the mixture to form the sol-gel bioactive glass.

Yet another embodiment relates to a sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sodium source is sodium silicate.

Yet further embodiment relates to a method for achieving hemostasis in a patient in need of treatment thereof. The methods includes contacting the patient with the sol-gel bioactive glass comprising Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sol-gel bioactive glass is derived from a mixture including a sodium source, wherein the sodium source is sodium silicate.

Yet further embodiment relates to a method of making a sol-gel bioactive glass including Si, Ca, P, and Na. The methods includes mixing a sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sodium source is sodium silicate, aging the mixture, and drying the mixture to form the sol-gel bioactive glass.

Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the invention will be, or will become, apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following figures and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features and advantages be within the scope of the invention, and be encompassed by the following claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains.

A sol-gel bioactive glass precursor, method for making sol-gel glasses, and resultant sol-gel bioactive glasses are disclosed herein which include introducing Na₂O into the glass network during the sol-gel process through the use of Na-ethoxide or NaCl rather than sodium nitrate. The precursor includes organometallic or inorganic salts of elements such as, for example, Si, Ca, Na, P, Ca, and/or B that are converted to their respective oxides after heat treatment. The resultant gels provide a homogenous material. This gel may be heat treated at relatively low temperature of 100° C. or less to preserve the porous structure with a high specific surface area thereby avoiding a sintering step and providing the possibility of adding biologically active molecules such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,480, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The sol-gel glasses are optionally sintered at 500-1000° C. or preferably 500-900° C., or more preferably, 550-650° C. Bioactive sol-gels made in accordance with the present invention provide significantly improved hemostatic properties as compared to melt-derived 45S5 Bioglass, and other sol-gel compositions. In addition, bioactive sol-gels made in accordance with the present invention exhibited equivalent or better hemostatic properties as compared to some current commercially available hemostasis products.

In certain embodiments, a sol-gel bioactive glass precursor in accordance with the present invention is a mix of ingredients that provide sources of Si, Ca, and Na to provide a phosphate-free sol-gel derived bioglass.

In certain other embodiments, a sol-gel bioactive glass precursor in accordance with the present invention is a mix of ingredients that provide sources of Si, Ca, P, and Na. Many organometallic compounds or inorganic salts (other than sodium nitrate) providing a source of Si, Ca, P, or Na can be used. For example, an alkoxysilane such as tetraethoxy silane may be used as a source of silica, calcium methoxide may be used as a source of calcium and triethylphoshpate may be used as a source of phosphorous. Sodium chloride or sodium ethoxide may be used as a source of sodium. Sol-gel bioactive precursors and sol-gels made therefrom may further contain K, Mg, Zn, B, F, Ag, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Sr, and Zn.

Silicon oxide is typically present in amounts of 20-86%, or 30-60%, or 30-45% by weight of the bioactive sol gel glass. Many organosilicon or silicon salts may be used as precursors and may be present in amounts sufficient to yield 0-86% by weight SiO₂ in the bioactive glass. Colloidal silica or salycic acid may also be used.

The sol gel bioactive glass may further contain sodium. Many organosodium or inorganic sodium salts may be used as a precursor including but not limited to sodium chloride, sodium ethoxide or sodium silicate. Such precursors may be used in an amount sufficient to yield 0-40%, 1-55%, 5-15%, 25-30%, or about 10% by weight Na₂O in the bioactive sol gel glass.

The sol-gel bioactive glass may further comprise potassium. The potassium precursors may include but are not limited to organopotassium compounds or inorganic potassium salts such as potassium nitrate (KNO₃), potassium sulphate (K₂SO₄) and potassium silicates. It is advantageous to provide a bioactive glass composition in which the potassium content is low. If a potassium precursor is included, it may be present in amounts sufficient to yield 0-8 K₂O in the bioactive glass.

The bioactive glass of the present invention preferably comprises calcium. Calcium precursors include but are not limited to organocalcium compounds or inorganic salts of calcium such as calcium nitrate (Ca(NO₃)₂), calcium nitrate tetrahydrate (CaNo₃.4H₂O), calcium sulphate (CaSO₄), calcium silicates or a source of calcium oxide. A source of calcium oxide includes any compound that decomposes to form calcium oxide. Release of Ca²⁺ ions from the surface of the bioactive glass aids the formation of the calcium phosphate-rich layer on the surface of the glass. The provision of calcium ions by the bioactive glass can increase the rate of formation of the calcium phosphate-rich layer. However it should be appreciated that the calcium phosphate-rich layer can form without the provision of calcium ions by the bioactive glass, as body fluid itself contains calcium ions. Thus, for the purposes of this invention, bioactive glasses containing no calcium can be used. The calcium precursor may be present in the precursor in an amount sufficient to yield at least 5%, 0-40%, 10-20%, 20-30% or about 25% CaO in the resultant sol-gel glass.

The bioactive glass of the present invention preferably comprises P₂O₅. Phosphate precursors include many organophosphates and inorganic phosphate salts including but not limited to triethylphosphate and/or polyphosphates, such as, e.g. sodium hexametaphosphate. Release of phosphate ions from the surface of the bioactive glass aids in the formation of hydroxycarbonated apatite. While hydroxycarbonated apatite can form without the provision of phosphate ions by the bioactive glass, as body fluid itself contains phosphate ions, the provision of phosphate ions by the bioactive glass increases the rate of formation of hydroxycarbonated apatite. The phosphate precursor may be present in an amount sufficient to yield at 0-80%, 0-50%, 20-70%, 20-30%, 25-30%, or about 25% P₂O₅ in the resultant glass.

The sol-gel bioactive glass of the present invention may comprise zinc. Zinc precursors include but are not limited to organozinc compounds or inorganic salts containing zinc such as zinc nitrate (Zn(NO₃)₂), zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄), and zinc silicates and any such compounds that decompose to form zinc oxide. When present, the zinc precursor should be present in amounts sufficient to yield 0.01-5% ZnO in the glass.

The bioactive glass of the present invention may comprise magnesium. Magnesium precursors include but are not limited to organomagnesium compounds or inorganic magnesium salts such as magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO₃)₂), magnesium sulphate (MgSO₄), magnesium silicates and any such compounds that decompose to form magnesium oxide. When included the magnesium source should be present in an amount sufficient to yield 0.01 to 5% MgO in the bioactive glass.

The sol-gel bioactive glass of the present invention also includes boron. The boron precursors include but are not limited to organoborate compounds, inorganic borate salts, boric acid, and trimethyl borate. A sufficient amount of boron precursor may be used sufficient to provide B₂O₃ in amounts of at least 25%, 30% to 50%, 35-45%, or up to 80% by weight in the glass.

The bioactive glass of the present invention may comprise fluorine. Fluorine precursors include but are not limited to organofluorine compounds or inorganic fluorine salts such as calcium fluoride (CaF₂), strontium fluoride (SrF₂), magnesium fluoride (MgF₂), Sodium fluoride (NaF) or potassium fluoride (KF). Fluoride stimulates osteoblasts, and increases the rate of hydroxycarbonated apatite deposition. When present, an amount of fluorine precursor is used to provide 0-35% or 0.01-5% calcium fluoride.

The bioactive sol-gels may further comprise sources of Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, or Sr. When present, such sources include organometallic and inorganic salts thereof. Each may be present to provide in 0.01 to 5% or more by weight of the respective oxide in the glass.

Bioactive sol-gels in accordance with the present invention are hemostatic materials that are bioabsorbable, that provide for superior hemostasis, and may be fabricated into a variety of forms suitable for use in controlling bleeding from a variety of wounds, both internal and external. Bioactive sol-gel glasses may be in granular or particulate form, matt or fiber form, a hemostatic sponge, incorporated into a foam, or in the form of a paste or putty. The sol-gel glasses may also be in a form of a sphere or a bead, or a combination of all the forms. Exemplary spherical forms were described in U.S. Provisonal Application No. 61/786,991, filed Mar. 15, 2013, content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. They may also be formulated into settable and non-settable carriers.

Sol-gel bioactive glass is suitable for use in both surgical applications as well as in field treatment of traumatic injuries. For example, in vascular surgery, bleeding is particularly problematic. In cardiac surgery, the multiple vascular anastomoses and cannulation sites, complicated by coagulopathy induced by extracorporeal bypass, can result in bleeding that can only be controlled by topical hemostats. Rapid and effective hemostasis during spinal surgery, where control of osseous, epidural, and/or subdural bleeding or bleeding from the spinal cord is not amenable to sutures or cautery, can minimize the potential for injury to nerve roots and reduce the procedure time. In liver surgery, for example, live donor liver transplant procedures or removal of cancerous tumors, there is a substantial risk of massive bleeding. An effective hemostatic material can significantly enhance patient outcome in such procedures. Even in those situations where bleeding is not massive, an effective hemostatic material can be desirable, for example, in dental procedures such as tooth extractions, as well as the treatment of abrasions, burns, and the like. In neurosurgery, oozing wounds are common and are difficult to treat.

The bioactive sol-gels may be further combined with a bioactive agent. The bioactive agent comprises one of antibodies, antigens, antibiotics, wound sterilization substances, thrombin, blood clotting factors, conventional chemo- and radiation therapeutic drugs, VEGF, antitumor agents such as angiostatin, endostatin, biological response modifiers, and various combinations thereof. The bioactive sol-gels may also be combined with polymers to provide further structural support. For example, porous bioactive glass hemostatic agents may be prepared by a sol gel process described herein that further uses a block copolymer of ethyleneoxide and propylene oxide.

Other uses for the sol-gel compositions of the present invention include filling bone defects, bone repair/regeneration, limb salvage, drug delivery, repair of osteochondral defects, reparing osseous defects, dental hypersensitivity, tooth whitening, and guided tissue regeneration.

Examples Preparation of Sol-Gels

Sol Gel Bioactive glasses were prepared with the compositions set forth in Table 1 and as described in 1-1 through 1-6 below:

TABLE 1 Compositions of Sol-gel Bioactive Glasses Sample ID SiO2 (wt %) CaO (wt %) P2O5 (wt %) Na2O (wt %) 45S5 (melt) 45 24.5 6 24.5 45S5 45 24.5 6 24.5 (Sol-gel) 58S 58 33 9 0 77S 77 14 9 0 100S 100 0 0 0

Preparation of 1-1. 100S gel (Comparative—no Na, Ca, or P source): the gel was prepared by mixing D. I. water, HCl, TEOS (Tetraethoxysilane) followed by mixing for 60 minutes to facilitate the completion of hydrolysis reaction. Then, the mixture was transferred into a polypropylene mold for aging at 60° C. for 55 hours. After aging, the gel was transferred into drying vessel for drying to 180° C., then heated at 700° C. in the same procedures as reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,916 (the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The heat treated gels were ground to <300 μm powders for analysis and testing.

Preparation of 1-2. 77S gel (Comparative—no Na source): the gel was prepared by mixing D. I. water, HCl, TEOS (Tetraethoxysilane) for 30 minutes, adding TEP (Triethylphosphate) into the solution and mixing for another 20 minutes, then adding CaNO₃.4H₂O (Calcium Nitrate tetra-hydrate) while mixing for an additional 60 minutes to complete the dissolution of the Calcium Nitrate. Then, the mixture was transferred into a polypropylene mold for aging at 60° C. for 55 hours. After aging, the gel was transferred into drying vessel for drying to 180° C., and then heated at 700° C. in the same procedures as reported in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,916. The heat treated gels were ground to <300 μm powders for analysis and testing.

Preparation of 1-3 (Comparative—no Na source). 58S gel: the gel was prepared by mixing D. I. water, HCl, TEOS (Tetraethoxysilane) for 30 minutes, adding TEP (Triethylphosphate) into the solution and mixing another 20 minutes, then adding CaNO3.4H2O (Calcium Nitrate tetra-hydrate) while mixing for an additional 60 minutes to complete the dissolution of the Calcium Nitrate. Then, the mixture was transferred into a polypropylene mold for aging at 60° C. for 55 hours. After aging, the gel was be transferred into drying vessel for drying to 180° C., and then heated at 700° C. in the same procedures as reported in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,916. The heat treated gels were ground to <300 μm powders for analysis and testing.

Preparation of 1-4. 45S5 gel#1 (Includes sodium ethoxide as Na source): the gel was prepared by mixing half the amount of D. I. water, HCl, TEOS (Tetraethoxysilane) for 30 minutes, adding TEP (Triethylphosphate) into the solution and mixing another 20 minutes, then adding the rest of D. I. water, Calcium Methoxide, and Sodium Ethoxide, while mixing for 60 minutes to complete the hydrolysis reaction. Then, the mixture was transferred into a polypropylene mold for aging at 60° C. for 55 hours. After aging, the gel was transferred into drying vessel for drying to 180° C., and then heated at 550° C. in the same procedures as reported in the U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,916. The heat treated gels were ground to <300 μm powders for analysis and testing.

Preparation of 1-5. 45S5 gel#2 (Includes NaCl as Na source): the gel was prepared by mixing D. I. water, HCl, TEOS (Tetraethoxysilane) for 30 minutes, adding TEP (triethylphosphate) into the solution and mixing another 20 minutes, then adding CaNO₃.4H₂O (Calcium Nitrate tetra-hydrate) and NaCl while mixing for an additional 60 minutes to complete the dissolution of the Calcium Nitrate and NaCl. Then, the mixture was transferred into a polypropylene mold for aging at 60° C. for 55 hours. After aging, the gel was transferred into drying vessel for drying at 180° C., and then heated to 550° C. using the same procedure as reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,916.

Preparation of 1-6. 45S5 gel#3 (Comparative—includes sodium nitrate as Na source): the gel was prepared by mixing D. I. water, HCl, TEOS (Tetraethoxysilane) for 30 minutes, adding TEP (triethylphosphate) into the solution and mixing another 20 minutes, then adding CaNO₃.4H₂O (Calcium Nitrate tetra-hydrate) and NaNO₃ (Sodium Nitrate), while mixing for an additional 60 minutes to complete the dissolution of the Calcium Nitrate and Sodium Nitrate. Then, the mixture was transferred into a polypropylene mold for aging at 60° C. for 55 hours. After aging, the precipitation could be seen visually. After aging, the gel was transferred into drying vessel for drying at 180° C., and then heated to 550° C. using the same procedure as reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,916.

The following porous structure data was obtained from the foregoing compositions:

Specific Surface Pore Size Area Diameter Sample ID m²/gram (Angstroms) Standard 216 203 Specifications 45S5 (Melt) 0.1 0 45S5 (Sol-gel) 31 98 58S 166 96 77S 414 30 100S 561 40

Hemostasis Studies

The male adult Wistar rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital (40 mg/kg). An abnormal incision was made and the left kidney was isolated. A thin flexible plastic tray was placed under the kidney and the kidney is wrapped with pre-weighted degrease cotton. Heparin sodium (300 IU/kg) was then intravenous injected. Five minutes later, an atraumatic clamp was placed across the renal vascular pedicle, the caudal pole of the kidney was extruded through the ring about 4 mm protruded above the plate and the tissue was severed with a scalpel blade. The hemostatic agent was applied to the cutting surface of the kidney before the clamp was removed. Bleeding time and the amount of blood dropped (Blood Wt) were measured.

4-1. Study #1

The tested samples: 45S5(Melt), Sol-gel 58S Control group: FloSeal, Starch (both are commercially available products used in the worldwide market) Blank Control: No material applied Each test article was tested in 50 mg, and conducted 6 tests.

TABLE 3 Test Results Bleeding Time and Blood Drop for Study #1 in the Rat Model of Partial Nephrectomy Bleeding time Blood dropped Group Number (Seconds) (ml) No-treatment Control 5 624 ± 36 4.3 ± 0.4 Edible starch 5 408 ± 24 3.0 ± 0.5 Melt-derived 45S5 5 264 ± 24 2.1 ± 0.3 Bioglass Bioglass 58S Gel 5 216 ± 12 1.0 ± 0.1 FloSeal 5 186 ± 12 1.0 ± 0.1

Based on the statistic results of this test, the sol-gel 58S demonstrated a comparable hemostatic effect to FloSeal, a commercial available product in the market. The order is, 58S>melt 45S5>Starch. All of the test materials are better than No-treatment control.

4-2. Study #2

The tested samples: 45S5(Melt), 45S5(Sol-gel), 58S, 77S, 100S Control group: NexStat (Hemostasis, LLC), Blank Control: No material applied

Each test article was tested in 3 doses: 5 μl, 15 μl and 50 μl, and each dose was conducted 6 tests.

Test Results

TABLE 4 Blank Control Bleeding time (s) Blood Wt Collected (g) 647 ± 25.57 5.35 ± 0.17

TABLE 5 Bleeding Time and Blood Drop for Study #2 in the Rat Model of Partial Nephrectomy Materials 45S5 (Sol-gel) NexStat 1-4 58S 77S 100S Bleeding Blood Wt Bleeding Blood Bleeding Blood Bleeding Blood Bleeding Blood Dose Time (s) (g) Time (s) Wt (g) Time (s) Wt (g) Time (s) Wt (g) Time (s) Wt (g)  5 μl 341 ± 17.5* 3.22 ± 0.16* 220.6 1.9 552 ± 16.7 4.68 ± 0.21 466 ± 32.3* 4.10 ± 0.18 587 ± 16.7 4.90 ± 0.13 15 μl 166 ± 9.7* 1.65 ± 0.10* 178 1.12 396 ± 9.6* 3.83 ± 0.24 240 ± 16.2* 2.43 ± 0.15* 450 ± 13.3* 3.67 ± 0.20* 50 μl  80 ± 7.2* 1.00 ± 0.08* 78 0.66 216 ± 7.7* 2.15 ± 0.20*  92 ± 7.8* 0.98 ± 0.07* 286 ± 8.5* 2.48 ± 0.18*

Based on the statistic results of this test, the sol-gel 45S5 demonstrated the best hemostatic effect. The order is, sol-gel 45S5>NexStat>77S>58S>77S>melt 45S5.

Sol-gel 45S5 demonstrated the best hemostatic effect compared with other tested materials, even some commercially available hemostasis products. Sol-gel 45S5, with porous structure, has 30 times higher surface area then melt derived 45S5 Bioglass. The high surface is functions to adsorb water from the blood rapidly and concentrate clotting proteins and platelets to promote instantaneous clot formation. In addition, calcium ions release from the glass function to complex with the carboxylic acid functional groups of the proteins within the site to facilitate clot formation. Although sol-gel 45S5 specific surface area is not the highest compared with other sol-gel materials such as the 58S, 77S and 100S, it can be assumed that the ionic exchange between Na+ inside sol-gel 45S5 and OH— would create a large amount of silanol groups on the sol-gel 45S5 surface or inside pores, which would facilitate the physical and chemical absorption of water onto the surface of the glass.

Due to its fast surface activity, Ca²⁺ release from sol-gel 45S5 would also be very dramatic. As previously described the calcium ions will complex with the surrounding proteins most notably fibrin acting as a type of glue to hold the fibrin monomers to each other to form the polymeric fiber. The resultant fibrin fibers form a loose meshwork, which functions to entrap erythrocytes, thus forming a clot that stops the flow of blood. All of these factors contribute to the hemostatic effect exhibited by the sol-gel 45S5 Bioglass.

Throughout this specification various indications have been given as to preferred and alternative embodiments of the invention. However, the foregoing detailed description is to be regarded as illustrative rather than limiting and the invention is not limited to any one of the provided embodiments. It should be understood that it is the appended claims, including all equivalents, that are intended to define the spirit and scope of this invention. 

1. A sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sodium source is selected from the group consisting of NaCl and C₂H₅ONa.
 2. The sol-gel bioactive glass precursor of claim 1, wherein the Si source is tetraethoxysilane.
 3. The sol-gel bioactive glass precursor of claim 1, wherein the Ca source is calcium nitrate tetra-hydrate.
 4. The sol-gel bioactive glass precursor of claim 1, wherein the Ca source is calcium methoxide.
 5. The sol-gel bioactive glass precursor of claim 1, wherein the P source is triethylphosphate or sodium hexametaphosphate.
 6. The sol-gel bioactive glass precursor of claim 1, wherein the Na source is NaCl.
 7. The sol-gel bioactive glass precursor of claim 1, wherein the source of Na is C₂H₅ONa and is present in an amount to provide for 20-30% by weight of Na₂O in a sol-gel bioactive glass.
 8. The sol-gel bioactive glass precursor of claim 6, wherein the source of Na is NaCl and is present in an amount to provide for 20-30% by weight of Na₂O in a sol-gel bioactive glass.
 9. The sol-gel bioactive glass precursor of claim 7, wherein the Na source is C₂H₅ONa.
 10. The sol gel bioactive glass precursor of claim 2, wherein the source of phosphate is triethylphosphate and is present in an amount to provide for 20-30% by weight of P₂O₅ in a sol-gel bioactive glass.
 11. A sol-gel bioactive glass comprising Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sol-gel bioactive glass is derived from a mixture including a sodium source selected from the group consisting of NaCl and C₂H₅ONa.
 12. The sol-gel bioactive glass of claim 11, wherein the Na source is NaCl.
 13. The sol-gel bioactive glass of claim 11, wherein the Na source is C₂H₅ONa.
 14. The sol-gel bioactive glass of claim 1, wherein the bioactive sol-gel glass is in a granular form, particulate form, matt form, fiber form, hemostatic sponge form, foam form, paste or putty form, or sphere or bead form, or a combination thereof.
 15. A method of making a sol-gel bioactive glass including Si, Ca, P, and Na comprising: mixing a sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sodium source is selected from the group consisting of NaCl and C₂H₅ONa; aging the mixture, and drying the mixture to form the sol-gel bioactive glass.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said aging is conducted at a temperature of 50-80° C. for 40-70 hours.
 17. The method of claim 15, further comprising sintering at 500-900° C. for 15 to 50 hours.
 18. A method for achieving hemostasis in a patient in need of treatment thereof comprising contacting the patient with the sol-gel bioactive glass of claim
 11. 19. A method of inducing rapid coagulation in a bleeding patient comprising contacting the patient with the sol-gel bioactive glass of claim
 11. 20. A method for achieving hemostasis in a patient in need of treatment thereof comprising contacting the patient with the sol-gel bioactive glass made from the sol-gel bioactive glass precursor of claim
 1. 21. The sol-gel bioactive glass of claim 11, wherein Si, Ca, P, and Na are present in their oxide form of SiO₂, Ca₂O, P₂O₅, and NaO.
 22. The sol-gel bioactive glass of claim 21, further comprising one or more of K, Mg, Zn, B, F, or Ag.
 23. A method of making a sol-gel bioactive glass including Si, Ca, P, and Na comprising: mixing a sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sodium source is selected from the group consisting of NaCl and C₂H₅ONa, and drying the mixture at a temperature of 100° C. or lower.
 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising adding a biologically active molecule.
 25. A method of treating wounds in a patient comprising contacting the patient with the sol-gel bioactive glass of claim
 11. 26. A method of repairing bone in a patient comprising contacting the bone in need of treatment with the sol-gel bioactive glass of claim
 11. 27. A sol-gel bioactive glass comprising Si, an alkaline earth metal, P, and alkali metal, wherein the sol-gel bioactive glass is derived from a mixture including a sodium source selected from the group consisting of organosodium containing compound or a metal salt other than sodium nitrate.
 28. A sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sodium source is sodium silicate.
 29. A method for achieving hemostasis in a patient in need of treatment thereof comprising contacting the patient with the sol-gel bioactive glass comprising Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sol-gel bioactive glass is derived from a mixture including a sodium source, wherein the sodium source is sodium silicate.
 30. A method of making a sol-gel bioactive glass including Si, Ca, P, and Na comprising: mixing a sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, P, and Na, wherein the sodium source is sodium silicate; aging the mixture, and drying the mixture to form the sol-gel bioactive glass.
 31. A sol-gel bioactive glass precursor including a source of Si, Ca, and Na, wherein the sodium source is selected from the group consisting of NaCl and C₂H₅ONa. 